An applicant's instructor is required to provide instruction on each of the areas of deficiency listed on the Airman Knowledge Test Report and to complete an endorsement of this instruction. The Airman Knowledge Test Report must be presented to the examiner conducting the practical test. During the oral portion of the practical test, the examiner is required to evaluate the noted areas of deficiency.
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Private Pilot ACS Test Codes
| ACS Code | Learning Statement |
| PA.I.A.K1 | Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping. |
| PA.I.A.K2 | Privileges and limitations. |
| PA.I.A.K3 | Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications. |
| PA.I.A.K4 | Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges. |
| PA.I.A.K5 | Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations. |
| PA.I.B.K1 | General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including: |
| PA.I.B.K1a | a. Certificate location and expiration dates |
| PA.I.B.K1b | b. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation |
| PA.I.B.K1c | c. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins |
| PA.I.B.K1d | d. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit |
| PA.I.B.K2 | Pilot-performed preventive maintenance. |
| PA.I.B.K3 | Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, to include: |
| PA.I.B.K3a | a. Flying with inoperative equipment |
| PA.I.B.K3b | b. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL) |
| PA.I.B.K3c | c. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL) |
| PA.I.B.K3d | d. Required discrepancy records or placards |
| PA.I.C.K1 | Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes. |
| PA.I.C.K2 | Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight. |
| PA.I.C.K3 | Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under VFR in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as: |
| PA.I.C.K3a | a. Atmospheric composition and stability |
| PA.I.C.K3b | b. Wind (e.g., crosswind, tailwind, windshear, mountain wave, etc.) |
| PA.I.C.K3c | c. Temperature |
| PA.I.C.K3d | d. Moisture/precipitation |
| PA.I.C.K3e | e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts |
| PA.I.C.K3f | f. Clouds |
| PA.I.C.K3g | g. Turbulence |
| PA.I.C.K3h | h. Thunderstorms and microbursts |
| PA.I.C.K3i | i. Icing and freezing level information |
| PA.I.C.K3j | j. Fog/mist |
| PA.I.C.K3k | k. Frost |
| PA.I.C.K3l | l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.) |
| PA.I.C.K4 | Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information. |
| PA.I.D.K1 | Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities. |
| PA.I.D.K2 | Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of the airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind. |
| PA.I.D.K3 | Calculating: |
| PA.I.D.K3a | a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed |
| PA.I.D.K3b | b. Estimated time of arrival to include conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC) |
| PA.I.D.K3c | c. Fuel requirements, to include reserve |
| PA.I.D.K4 | Elements of a VFR flight plan. |
| PA.I.D.K5 | Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan. |
| PA.I.E.K1 | Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations. |
| PA.I.E.K2 | Charting symbology. |
| PA.I.E.K3 | Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas. |
| PA.I.F.K1 | Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance. |
| PA.I.F.K2 | Factors affecting performance, to include: |
| PA.I.F.K2a | a. Atmospheric conditions |
| PA.I.F.K2b | b. Pilot technique |
| PA.I.F.K2c | c. Airplane configuration |
| PA.I.F.K2d | d. Airport environment |
| PA.I.F.K2e | e. Loading (e.g., center of gravity) |
| PA.I.F.K2f | f. Weight and balance |
| PA.I.F.K3 | Aerodynamics. |
| PA.I.G.K1 | Airplane systems, to include: (Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three of the following sub-elements.) |
| PA.I.G.K1a | a. Primary flight controls |
| PA.I.G.K1b | b. Secondary flight controls |
| PA.I.G.K1c | c. Powerplant and propeller |
| PA.I.G.K1d | d. Landing gear |
| PA.I.G.K1e | e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic |
| PA.I.G.K1f | f. Electrical |
| PA.I.G.K1g | g. Avionics |
| PA.I.G.K1h | h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments |
| PA.I.G.K1i | i. Environmental |
| PA.I.G.K1j | j. Deicing and anti-icing |
| PA.I.G.K1k | k. Water rudders (ASES, AMES) |
| PA.I.G.K1l | l. Oxygen system |
| PA.I.G.K2 | Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures. |
| PA.I.H.K1 | The symptoms (as applicable), recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues including: |
| PA.I.H.K1a | a. Hypoxia |
| PA.I.H.K1b | b. Hyperventilation |
| PA.I.H.K1c | c. Middle ear and sinus problems |
| PA.I.H.K1d | d. Spatial disorientation |
| PA.I.H.K1e | e. Motion sickness |
| PA.I.H.K1f | f. Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| PA.I.H.K1g | g. Stress |
| PA.I.H.K1h | h. Fatigue |
| PA.I.H.K1i | i. Dehydration and nutrition |
| PA.I.H.K1j | j. Hypothermia |
| PA.I.H.K1k | k. Optical illusions |
| PA.I.H.K1l | l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives |
| PA.I.H.K2 | Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs. |
| PA.I.H.K3 | Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications. |
| PA.I.H.K4 | Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM). |
| PA.I.I.K1 | The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as: |
| PA.I.I.K1a | a. Size and location |
| PA.I.I.K1b | b. Protected and unprotected areas |
| PA.I.I.K1c | c. Surface wind |
| PA.I.I.K1d | d. Direction and strength of water current |
| PA.I.I.K1e | e. Floating and partially submerged debris |
| PA.I.I.K1f | f. Sandbars, islands, and shoals |
| PA.I.I.K1g | g. Vessel traffic and wakes |
| PA.I.I.K1h | h. Other characteristics specific to the area |
| PA.I.I.K2 | Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance. |
| PA.I.I.K3 | Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. |
| PA.I.I.K4 | How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. |
| PA.I.I.K5 | Operating restrictions at various bases. |
| PA.I.I.K6 | Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. |
| PA.I.I.K7 | Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. |
| PA.II.A.K1 | Pilot self-assessment. |
| PA.II.A.K2 | Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy. |
| PA.II.A.K3 | Airplane preflight inspection including: |
| PA.II.A.K3a | a. Which items must be inspected |
| PA.II.A.K3b | b. The reasons for checking each item |
| PA.II.A.K3c | c. How to detect possible defects |
| PA.II.A.K3d | d. The associated regulations |
| PA.II.A.K4 | Environmental factors including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions. |
| PA.II.B.K1 | Passenger briefing requirements, to include operation and required use of safety restraint systems. |
| PA.II.B.K2 | Use of appropriate checklists. |
| PA.II.B.K3 | Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data. |
| PA.II.C.K1 | Starting under various conditions. |
| PA.II.C.K2 | Starting the engine(s) by use of external power. |
| PA.II.C.K3 | Engine limitations as they relate to starting. |
| PA.II.D.K1 | Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and NOTAMS. |
| PA.II.D.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances. |
| PA.II.D.K3 | Airport markings, signs, and lights. |
| PA.II.D.K4 | Visual indicators for wind. |
| PA.II.D.K5 | Aircraft lighting. |
| PA.II.D.K6 | Procedures for: |
| PA.II.D.K6a | a. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots |
| PA.II.D.K6b | b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered airports |
| PA.II.D.K6c | c. Entering or crossing runways |
| PA.II.D.K6d | d. Night taxi operations |
| PA.II.D.K6e | e. Low visibility taxi operations |
| PA.II.E.K1 | Airport information resources including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references. |
| PA.II.E.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances. |
| PA.II.E.K3 | Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights. |
| PA.II.E.K4 | Visual indicators for wind. |
| PA.II.E.K5 | Airplane lighting. |
| PA.II.E.K6 | Procedures for: |
| PA.II.E.K6a | a. Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing |
| PA.II.E.K6b | b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases |
| PA.II.F.K1 | Purpose of pre-takeoff checklist items including: |
| PA.II.F.K1a | a. Reasons for checking each item |
| PA.II.F.K1b | b. Detecting malfunctions |
| PA.II.F.K1c | c. Ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer |
| PA.III.A.K1 | How to obtain proper radio frequencies. |
| PA.III.A.K2 | Proper radio communication procedures and ATC phraseology. |
| PA.III.A.K3 | ATC light signal recognition. |
| PA.III.A.K4 | Appropriate use of transponders. |
| PA.III.A.K5 | Lost communication procedures. |
| PA.III.A.K6 | Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication. |
| PA.III.A.K7 | Radar assistance. |
| PA.III.A.K8 | National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting. |
| PA.III.A.K9 | Runway Status Lighting Systems. |
| PA.III.B.K1 | Towered and nontowered airport operations. |
| PA.III.B.K2 | Runway selection for the current conditions. |
| PA.III.B.K3 | Right-of-way rules. |
| PA.III.B.K4 | Use of automated weather and airport information. |
| PA.IV.A.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.A.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.A.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.B.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.B.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.B.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| PA.IV.C.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.C.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.C.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.C.K4 | Ground effect. |
| PA.IV.C.K5 | Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings. |
| PA.IV.C.K6 | Left turning tendencies. |
| PA.IV.D.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.D.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.D.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| PA.IV.E.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.E.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.E.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.F.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.F.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.F.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| PA.IV.G.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.G.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.G.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.G.K4 | Effects of water surface. |
| PA.IV.H.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.H.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.H.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| PA.IV.I.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.I.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.I.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.I.K4 | Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique. |
| PA.IV.J.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.J.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.J.K3 | When and why glassy water techniques are used. |
| PA.IV.J.K4 | How a glassy water approach and landing is executed. |
| PA.IV.K.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| PA.IV.K.K2 | VX and VY |
| PA.IV.K.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| PA.IV.K.K4 | Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique. |
| PA.IV.L.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.L.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.L.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| PA.IV.L.K4 | When and why rough water techniques are used. |
| PA.IV.L.K5 | How a rough water approach and landing is executed. |
| PA.IV.M.K1 | Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach. |
| PA.IV.M.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| PA.IV.M.K3 | Wind correction techniques during forward slip. |
| PA.IV.M.K4 | When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach. |
| PA.IV.N.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IV.N.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude on a go-around or rejected landing. |
| PA.IV.N.K3 | Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing. |
| PA.V.A.K1 | Purpose of steep turns. |
| PA.V.A.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, to include: |
| PA.V.A.K2a | a. Coordinated and uncoordinated flight |
| PA.V.A.K2b | b. Overbanking tendencies |
| PA.V.A.K2c | c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes |
| PA.V.A.K2d | d. Load factor and accelerated stalls |
| PA.V.A.K2e | e. Rate and radius of turn |
| PA.V.B.K1 | Purpose of ground reference maneuvers. |
| PA.V.B.K2 | Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference point. |
| PA.V.B.K3 | Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn. |
| PA.V.B.K4 | Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern. |
| PA.VI.A.K1 | Pilotage and dead reckoning. |
| PA.VI.A.K2 | Magnetic compass errors. |
| PA.VI.A.K3 | Topography. |
| PA.VI.A.K4 | Selection of appropriate: |
| PA.VI.A.K4a | a. Route |
| PA.VI.A.K4b | b. Altitude(s) |
| PA.VI.A.K4c | c. Checkpoints |
| PA.VI.A.K5 | Plotting a course, to include: |
| PA.VI.A.K5a | a. Determining heading, speed, and course |
| PA.VI.A.K5b | b. Wind correction angle |
| PA.VI.A.K5c | c. Estimating time, speed, and distance |
| PA.VI.A.K5d | d. True airspeed and density altitude |
| PA.VI.A.K6 | Power setting selection. |
| PA.VI.A.K7 | Planned versus actual flight plan calculations and required corrections. |
| PA.VI.B.K1 | Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, and regulations). |
| PA.VI.B.K2 | Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, database considerations, and limitations of satellite navigation). |
| PA.VI.B.K3 | Radar assistance to VFR aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories). |
| PA.VI.B.K4 | Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S). |
| PA.VI.C.K1 | Selecting an alternate destination. |
| PA.VI.C.K2 | Situations that require deviations from flight plan or ATC instructions. |
| PA.VI.D.K1 | Methods to determine position. |
| PA.VI.D.K2 | Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures). |
| PA.VII.A.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| PA.VII.B.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| PA.VII.B.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| PA.VII.B.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| PA.VII.B.K4 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| PA.VII.C.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| PA.VII.C.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| PA.VII.C.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| PA.VII.C.K4 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| PA.VII.D.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| PA.VII.D.K2 | What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin. |
| PA.VII.D.K3 | Spin recovery procedure. |
| PA.VIII.A.K1 | Flight instruments as related to: |
| PA.VIII.A.K1a | a. Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.A.K1b | b. Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.A.K1c | c. Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.A.K1d | d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.B.K1 | Flight instruments as related to: |
| PA.VIII.B.K1a | a. Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.B.K1b | b. Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.B.K1c | c. Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.B.K1d | d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.C.K1 | Flight instruments as related to: |
| PA.VIII.C.K1a | a. Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.C.K1b | b. Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.C.K1c | c. Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.C.K1d | d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.D.K1 | Flight instruments as related to: |
| PA.VIII.D.K1a | a. Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.D.K1b | b. Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.D.K1c | c. Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.D.K1d | d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.E.K1 | Flight instruments as related to: |
| PA.VIII.E.K1a | a. Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes |
| PA.VIII.E.K1b | b. Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) |
| PA.VIII.E.K1c | c. Function and operation |
| PA.VIII.E.K1d | d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques |
| PA.VIII.F.K1 | Operating communications equipment to include identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following ATC instructions. |
| PA.VIII.F.K2 | Operating navigation equipment to include functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses. |
| PA.VIII.F.K3 | Air traffic control facilities and services. |
| PA.IX.A.K1 | Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire). |
| PA.IX.A.K2 | Immediate action items and emergency procedures. |
| PA.IX.A.K3 | Airspeed, to include airspeed limitations. |
| PA.IX.B.K1 | Immediate action items and emergency procedures. |
| PA.IX.B.K2 | Airspeed, to include: |
| PA.IX.B.K2a | a. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance |
| PA.IX.B.K2b | b. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed |
| PA.IX.B.K2c | c. Effects of wind on glide distance |
| PA.IX.B.K3 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing. |
| PA.IX.B.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| PA.IX.B.K5 | ELTs and other emergency locating devices. |
| PA.IX.B.K6 | ATC services to aircraft in distress. |
| PA.IX.C.K1 | Partial or complete power loss related to the specific powerplant, including: |
| PA.IX.C.K1a | a. Engine roughness or overheat |
| PA.IX.C.K1b | b. Carburetor or induction icing |
| PA.IX.C.K1c | c. Loss of oil pressure |
| PA.IX.C.K1d | d. Fuel starvation |
| PA.IX.C.K2 | System and equipment malfunctions specific to the airplane, including: |
| PA.IX.C.K2a | a. Electrical malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2b | b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions |
| PA.IX.C.K2c | c. Pitot/static system malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2d | d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2e | e. Landing gear or flap malfunction |
| PA.IX.C.K2f | f. Inoperative trim |
| PA.IX.C.K3 | Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. |
| PA.IX.C.K4 | Any other system specific to the airplane (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). |
| PA.IX.C.K5 | Inadvertent door or window opening. |
| PA.IX.D.K1 | Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements. |
| PA.IX.D.K2 | Fire extinguisher operations and limitations. |
| PA.IX.D.K3 | Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for: |
| PA.IX.D.K3a | a. Climate extremes (hot/cold) |
| PA.IX.D.K3b | b. Mountainous terrain |
| PA.IX.D.K3c | c. Overwater operations |
| PA.IX.E.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| PA.IX.E.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| PA.IX.E.K3 | Accelerate/stop distance. |
| PA.IX.F.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| PA.IX.F.K2 | VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and VSSE (safe single-engine speed). |
| PA.IX.F.K3 | Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances. |
| PA.IX.F.K4 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| PA.IX.F.K5 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| PA.IX.F.K6 | Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator’s zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities. |
| PA.IX.G.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| PA.IX.G.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| PA.IX.G.K3 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| PA.IX.G.K4 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, and the manufacturer’s recommended flight control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| PA.IX.G.K5 | Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering. |
| PA.X.A.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| PA.X.A.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| PA.X.A.K3 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| PA.X.A.K4 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended flight control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| PA.X.A.K5 | Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting. |
| PA.X.B.K1 | Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS). |
| PA.X.B.K2 | VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and VSSE (safe single-engine speed). |
| PA.X.B.K3 | Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC. |
| PA.X.B.K4 | Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery |
| PA.X.C.K1 | Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments. |
| PA.X.D.K1 | Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative. |
| PA.XI.A.K1 | Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying. |
| PA.XI.A.K2 | Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting. |
| PA.XI.A.K3 | Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations. |
| PA.XI.A.K4 | Personal equipment essential for night flight. |
| PA.XI.A.K5 | Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques. |
| PA.XII.A.K1 | Airplane shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection. |
| PA.XII.A.K2 | Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies. |
| PA.XII.B.K1 | Mooring. |
| PA.XII.B.K2 | Docking. |
| PA.XII.B.K3 | Anchoring. |
| PA.XII.B.K4 | Beaching/ramping. |
| PA.XII.B.K5 | Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies. |
Instrument Rating ACS Test Codes
| ACS Code | Learning Statement |
| IR.I.A.K1 | Certification requirements, recency of experience, and recordkeeping. |
| IR.I.A.K2 | Privileges and limitations. |
| IR.I.A.K3 | Part 68 BasicMed Privileges and Limitations. |
| IR.I.B.K1 | Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes. |
| IR.I.B.K2 | Acceptable weather products and resources utilized for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure and en route operations and arrival phases of flight. |
| IR.I.B.K3 | Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as: |
| IR.I.B.K3a | a. Atmospheric composition and stability |
| IR.I.B.K3b | b. Wind (e.g., crosswind, tailwind, windshear, mountain wave, etc.) |
| IR.I.B.K3c | c. Temperature |
| IR.I.B.K3d | d. Moisture/precipitation |
| IR.I.B.K3e | e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts |
| IR.I.B.K3f | f. Clouds |
| IR.I.B.K3g | g. Turbulence |
| IR.I.B.K3h | h. Thunderstorms and microbursts |
| IR.I.B.K3i | i. Icing and freezing level information |
| IR.I.B.K3j | j. Fog/mist |
| IR.I.B.K3k | k. Frost |
| IR.I.B.K3l | l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.) |
| IR.I.B.K4 | Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information. |
| IR.I.C.K1 | Route planning, including consideration of the available navigational facilities, special use airspace, preferred routes, and alternate airports. |
| IR.I.C.K2 | Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, IFR cruising altitudes, effect of wind, and oxygen requirements. |
| IR.I.C.K3 | Calculating: |
| IR.I.C.K3a | a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed |
| IR.I.C.K3b | b. Estimated time of arrival to include conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC) |
| IR.I.C.K3c | c. Fuel requirements, to include reserve |
| IR.I.C.K4 | Elements of an IFR flight plan. |
| IR.I.C.K5 | Procedures for activating and closing an IFR flight plan in controlled and uncontrolled airspace. |
| IR.II.A.K1 | The general operational characteristics and limitations of applicable anti-icing and deicing systems, including airframe, propeller, intake, fuel, and pitot-static systems. |
| IR.II.B.K1 | Operation of their airplane’s applicable flight instrument system(s) including: |
| IR.II.B.K1a | a. Pitot-static instrument system: altimeter, airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator |
| IR.II.B.K1b | b. Gyroscopic/electric/vacuum instrument system: attitude indicator, heading indicator, turn-and-slip indicator/turn coordinator |
| IR.II.B.K1c | c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays (PFD, MFD), transponder, and ADS-B |
| IR.II.B.K1d | d. Magnetic compass |
| IR.II.B.K2 | Operation of their airplane’s applicable navigation system(s) including: |
| IR.II.B.K2a | a. VOR, DME, ILS, marker beacon receiver/indicators |
| IR.II.B.K2b | b. RNAV, GPS, Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), FMS, autopilot |
| IR.II.C.K1 | Purpose of performing an instrument flight deck check and how to detect possible defects. |
| IR.II.C.K2 | IFR airworthiness, to include airplane inspection requirements and required equipment for IFR flight. |
| IR.II.C.K3 | Required procedures, documentation, and limitations of flying with inoperative equipment. |
| IR.III.A.K1 | Elements and procedures related to ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight including clearance void times. |
| IR.III.A.K2 | PIC emergency authority. |
| IR.III.A.K3 | Lost communication procedures and procedures for flights outside of radar environments. |
| IR.III.B.K1 | Elements related to holding procedures, including reporting criteria, appropriate speeds, and recommended entry procedures for standard, nonstandard, published, and nonpublished holding patterns. |
| IR.IV.A.K1 | Elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight, climbs, turns, and descents while conducting various instrument flight procedures. |
| IR.IV.A.K2 | Interpretation, operation, and limitations of pitch, bank, and power instruments. |
| IR.IV.A.K3 | Normal and abnormal instrument indications and operations. |
| IR.IV.B.K1 | Procedures for recovery from unusual flight attitudes. |
| IR.IV.B.K2 | Unusual flight attitude causal factors, including physiological factors, system and equipment failures, and environmental factors. |
| IR.V.A.K1 | Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations) including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses and arcs. |
| IR.V.A.K2 | Satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of databases, RAIM, and WAAS) including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses and arcs. |
| IR.V.B.K1 | Elements related to ATC routes, including departure procedures (DPs) and associated climb gradients; arrival procedures (STARs) and associated constraints. |
| IR.V.B.K2 | Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots. |
| IR.VI.A.K1 | Procedures and limitations associated with a nonprecision approach, including the differences between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach guidance. |
| IR.VI.A.K2 | Navigation system annunciations expected during an RNAV approach. |
| IR.VI.A.K3 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems used for a nonprecision approach. |
| IR.VI.A.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| IR.VI.B.K1 | Procedures and limitations associated with a precision approach, including determining required descent rates and adjusting minimums in the case of inoperative equipment. |
| IR.VI.B.K2 | Navigation system displays, annunciations, and modes of operation. |
| IR.VI.B.K3 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity) |
| IR.VI.B.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts |
| IR.VI.C.K1 | Elements related to missed approach procedures and limitations associated with standard instrument approaches, including while using an FMS or autopilot, if equipped. |
| IR.VI.D.K1 | Elements related to circling approach procedures and limitations including approach categories and related airspeed restrictions. |
| IR.VI.E.K1 | Elements related to the pilot’s responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a straight-in or circling approach. |
| IR.VI.E.K2 | Airport signs, markings and lighting, to include approach lighting systems. |
| IR.VII.A.K1 | Procedures to follow in the event of lost communication during various phases of flight, including techniques for reestablishing communications, when it is acceptable to deviate from an IFR clearance, and when to begin an approach at the destination. |
| IR.VII.B.K1 | Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments. |
| IR.VII.C.K1 | Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative. |
| IR.VII.D.K1 | Recognizing if primary flight instruments are inaccurate or inoperative, and advising ATC or the evaluator. |
| IR.VII.D.K2 | Common failure modes of vacuum and electric attitude instruments and how to correct or minimize the effect of their loss. |
| IR.VIII.A.K1 | Procedures for checking the functionality of all installed instruments and navigation equipment. |
Commercial Pilot ACS Test Codes
| ACS Code | Learning Statement |
| CA.I.A.K1 | Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping. |
| CA.I.A.K2 | Privileges and limitations. |
| CA.I.A.K3 | Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications. |
| CA.I.A.K4 | Documents required to exercise commercial pilot privileges. |
| CA.I.A.K5 | Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations. |
| CA.I.B.K1 | General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including: |
| CA.I.B.K1a | a. Certificate location and expiration dates |
| CA.I.B.K1b | b. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation |
| CA.I.B.K1c | c. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins |
| CA.I.B.K1d | d. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit |
| CA.I.B.K2 | Pilot-performed preventive maintenance. |
| CA.I.B.K3 | Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, to include: |
| CA.I.B.K3a | a. Flying with inoperative equipment |
| CA.I.B.K3b | b. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL) |
| CA.I.B.K3c | c. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL) |
| CA.I.B.K3d | d. Required discrepancy records or placards |
| CA.I.C.K1 | Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes. |
| CA.I.C.K2 | Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight. |
| CA.I.C.K3 | Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under VFR in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as: |
| CA.I.C.K3a | a. Atmospheric composition and stability |
| CA.I.C.K3b | b. Wind (e.g., crosswind, tailwind, windshear, mountain wave, etc.) |
| CA.I.C.K3c | c. Temperature |
| CA.I.C.K3d | d. Moisture/precipitation |
| CA.I.C.K3e | e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts |
| CA.I.C.K3f | f. Clouds |
| CA.I.C.K3g | g. Turbulence |
| CA.I.C.K3h | h. Thunderstorms and microbursts |
| CA.I.C.K3i | i. Icing and freezing level information |
| CA.I.C.K3j | j. Fog/mist |
| CA.I.C.K3k | k. Frost |
| CA.I.C.K3l | l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.) |
| CA.I.C.K4 | Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information. |
| CA.I.D.K1 | Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities. |
| CA.I.D.K2 | Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of the airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind. |
| CA.I.D.K3 | Calculating: |
| CA.I.D.K3a | a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed |
| CA.I.D.K3b | b. Estimated time of arrival to include conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC) |
| CA.I.D.K3c | c. Fuel requirements, to include reserve |
| CA.I.D.K4 | Elements of a VFR flight plan. |
| CA.I.D.K5 | Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan. |
| CA.I.E.K1 | Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations. |
| CA.I.E.K2 | Charting symbology. |
| CA.I.E.K3 | Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas. |
| CA.I.F.K1 | Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance. |
| CA.I.F.K2 | Factors affecting performance, to include: |
| CA.I.F.K2a | a. Atmospheric conditions |
| CA.I.F.K2b | b. Pilot technique |
| CA.I.F.K2c | c. Airplane configuration |
| CA.I.F.K2d | d. Airport environment |
| CA.I.F.K2e | e. Loading (e.g., center of gravity) |
| CA.I.F.K2f | f. Weight and balance |
| CA.I.F.K3 | Aerodynamics. |
| CA.I.G.K1 | Airplane systems, to include: Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three of the following sub-elements. |
| CA.I.G.K1a | a. Primary flight controls |
| CA.I.G.K1b | b. Secondary flight controls |
| CA.I.G.K1c | c. Powerplant and propeller |
| CA.I.G.K1d | d. Landing gear |
| CA.I.G.K1e | e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic |
| CA.I.G.K1f | f. Electrical |
| CA.I.G.K1g | g. Avionics |
| CA.I.G.K1h | h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments |
| CA.I.G.K1i | i. Environmental |
| CA.I.G.K1j | j. Deicing and anti-icing |
| CA.I.G.K1k | k. Water rudders (ASES, AMES) |
| CA.I.G.K1l | l. Oxygen system |
| CA.I.G.K2 | Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures. |
| CA.I.H.K1 | The symptoms (as applicable), recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues including: |
| CA.I.H.K1a | a. Hypoxia |
| CA.I.H.K1b | b. Hyperventilation |
| CA.I.H.K1c | c. Middle ear and sinus problems |
| CA.I.H.K1d | d. Spatial disorientation |
| CA.I.H.K1e | e. Motion sickness |
| CA.I.H.K1f | f. Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| CA.I.H.K1g | g. Stress |
| CA.I.H.K1h | h. Fatigue |
| CA.I.H.K1i | i. Dehydration and nutrition |
| CA.I.H.K1j | j. Hypothermia |
| CA.I.H.K1k | k. Optical illusions |
| CA.I.H.K1l | l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives |
| CA.I.H.K2 | Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs. |
| CA.I.H.K3 | Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications. |
| CA.I.H.K4 | Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM). |
| CA.I.I.K1 | The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as: |
| CA.I.I.K1a | a. Size and location |
| CA.I.I.K1b | b. Protected and unprotected areas |
| CA.I.I.K1c | c. Surface wind |
| CA.I.I.K1d | d. Direction and strength of water current |
| CA.I.I.K1e | e. Floating and partially submerged debris |
| CA.I.I.K1f | f. Sandbars, islands, and shoals |
| CA.I.I.K1g | g. Vessel traffic and wakes |
| CA.I.I.K1h | h. Other characteristics specific to the area |
| CA.I.I.K2 | Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance. |
| CA.I.I.K3 | Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. |
| CA.I.I.K4 | How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. |
| CA.I.I.K5 | Operating restrictions at various bases. |
| CA.I.I.K6 | Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. |
| CA.I.I.K7 | Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. |
| CA.II.A.K1 | Pilot self-assessment. |
| CA.II.A.K2 | Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy. |
| CA.II.A.K3 | Airplane preflight inspection including: |
| CA.II.A.K3a | a. Which items must be inspected |
| CA.II.A.K3b | b. The reasons for checking each item |
| CA.II.A.K3c | c. How to detect possible defects |
| CA.II.A.K3d | d. The associated regulations |
| CA.II.A.K4 | Environmental factors including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions. |
| CA.II.B.K1 | Passenger briefing requirements, to include operation and required use of safety restraint systems. |
| CA.II.B.K2 | Use of appropriate checklists. |
| CA.II.B.K3 | Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data. |
| CA.II.C.K1 | Starting under various conditions. |
| CA.II.C.K2 | Starting the engine(s) by use of external power. |
| CA.II.C.K3 | Engine limitations as they relate to starting. |
| CA.II.D.K1 | Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and NOTAMS. |
| CA.II.D.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances. |
| CA.II.D.K3 | Airport markings, signs, and lights. |
| CA.II.D.K4 | Visual indicators for wind. |
| CA.II.D.K5 | Aircraft lighting. |
| CA.II.D.K6 | Procedures for: |
| CA.II.D.K6a | a. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots |
| CA.II.D.K6b | b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered airports. |
| CA.II.D.K6c | c. Entering or crossing runways |
| CA.II.D.K6d | d. Night taxi operations |
| CA.II.D.K6e | e. Low visibility taxi operations |
| CA.II.E.K1 | Airport information resources including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references. |
| CA.II.E.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances. |
| CA.II.E.K3 | Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights. |
| CA.II.E.K4 | Visual indicators for wind. |
| CA.II.E.K5 | Airplane lighting. |
| CA.II.E.K6 | Procedures for: |
| CA.II.E.K6a | a. Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing |
| CA.II.E.K6b | b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases |
| CA.II.F.K1 | Purpose of pre-takeoff checklist items including: |
| CA.II.F.K1a | a. Reasons for checking each item |
| CA.II.F.K1b | b. Detecting malfunctions |
| CA.II.F.K1c | c. Ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer |
| CA.III.A.K1 | How to obtain proper radio frequencies. |
| CA.III.A.K2 | Proper radio communication procedures and ATC phraseology. |
| CA.III.A.K3 | ATC light signal recognition. |
| CA.III.A.K4 | Appropriate use of transponders. |
| CA.III.A.K5 | Lost communication procedures. |
| CA.III.A.K6 | Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication. |
| CA.III.A.K7 | Radar assistance. |
| CA.III.A.K8 | National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting. |
| CA.III.A.K9 | Runway Status Lighting Systems. |
| CA.III.B.K1 | Towered and nontowered airport operations. |
| CA.III.B.K2 | Runway selection for the current conditions. |
| CA.III.B.K3 | Right-of-way rules. |
| CA.III.B.K4 | Use of automated weather and airport information. |
| CA.IV.A.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.A.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.A.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.B.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.B.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.B.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.C.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.C.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.C.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.C.K4 | Ground effect. |
| CA.IV.C.K5 | Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings. |
| CA.IV.C.K6 | Left turning tendencies. |
| CA.IV.D.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.D.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.D.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.E.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.E.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.E.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.F.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.F.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.F.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.G.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.G.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.G.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.G.K4 | Effects of water surface. |
| CA.IV.H.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.H.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.H.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.I.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.I.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.I.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.I.K4 | Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique. |
| CA.IV.J.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.J.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.J.K3 | When and why glassy water techniques are used. |
| CA.IV.J.K4 | How a glassy water approach and landing is executed. |
| CA.IV.K.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| CA.IV.K.K2 | VX and VY |
| CA.IV.K.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| CA.IV.K.K4 | Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique. |
| CA.IV.L.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.L.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| CA.IV.L.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.L.K4 | When and why rough water techniques are used. |
| CA.IV.L.K5 | How a rough water approach and landing is executed. |
| CA.IV.M.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.M.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.M.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| CA.IV.M.K4 | Purpose of power-off accuracy approach. |
| CA.IV.N.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IV.N.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude on a go-around or rejected landing. |
| CA.IV.N.K3 | Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing. |
| CA.V.A.K1 | Purpose of steep turns. |
| CA.V.A.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, to include: |
| CA.V.A.K2a | a. Coordinated and uncoordinated flight |
| CA.V.A.K2b | b. Overbanking tendencies |
| CA.V.A.K2c | c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes |
| CA.V.A.K2d | d. Load factor and accelerated stalls |
| CA.V.A.K2e | e. Rate and radius of turn |
| CA.V.B.K1 | Purpose of steep spirals. |
| CA.V.B.K2 | Maintaining a constant radius about a point. |
| CA.V.B.K3 | Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference point. |
| CA.V.C.K1 | Purpose of chandelles. |
| CA.V.C.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with chandelles, to include: |
| CA.V.C.K2a | a. Coordinated and uncoordinated flight |
| CA.V.C.K2b | b. Overbanking tendencies |
| CA.V.C.K2c | c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes |
| CA.V.C.K2d | d. Accelerated stalls |
| CA.V.C.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration for maximum performance climb. |
| CA.V.C.K4 | Proper pitch control required for continuously decreasing airspeed. |
| CA.V.D.K1 | Purpose of lazy eights. |
| CA.V.D.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with lazy eights, to include coordinated and uncoordinated flight. |
| CA.V.D.K3 | Performance and airspeed limitations. |
| CA.V.D.K4 | Phases of the lazy eight maneuver from entry to recovery. |
| CA.V.E.K1 | Purpose of eights on pylons. |
| CA.V.E.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with the eights on pylons to include coordinated and uncoordinated flight. |
| CA.V.E.K3 | Pivotal altitude and factors that affect it. |
| CA.V.E.K4 | Effect of wind on ground track. |
| CA.V.E.K5 | Phases of the eights on pylons maneuver from entry to recovery. |
| CA.VI.A.K1 | Pilotage and dead reckoning. |
| CA.VI.A.K2 | Magnetic compass errors. |
| CA.VI.A.K3 | Topography. |
| CA.VI.A.K4 | Selection of appropriate: |
| CA.VI.A.K4a | a. Route |
| CA.VI.A.K4b | b. Altitude(s) |
| CA.VI.A.K4c | c. Checkpoints |
| CA.VI.A.K5 | Plotting a course, to include: |
| CA.VI.A.K5a | a. Determining heading, speed, and course |
| CA.VI.A.K5b | b. Wind correction angle |
| CA.VI.A.K5c | c. Estimating time, speed, and distance |
| CA.VI.A.K5d | d. True airspeed and density altitude |
| CA.VI.A.K6 | Power setting selection. |
| CA.VI.A.K7 | Planned versus actual flight plan calculations and required corrections. |
| CA.VI.B.K1 | Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, and regulations). |
| CA.VI.B.K2 | Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, database considerations, and limitations of satellite navigation). |
| CA.VI.B.K3 | Radar assistance to VFR aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories). |
| CA.VI.B.K4 | Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and ADS-B. |
| CA.VI.C.K1 | Selecting an alternate destination. |
| CA.VI.C.K2 | Situations that require deviations from flight plan or ATC instructions. |
| CA.VI.D.K1 | Methods to determine position. |
| CA.VI.D.K2 | Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures). |
| CA.VII.A.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| CA.VII.B.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| CA.VII.B.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| CA.VII.B.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| CA.VII.B.K4 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| CA.VII.C.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| CA.VII.C.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| CA.VII.C.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| CA.VII.C.K4 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| CA.VII.D.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with accelerated stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| CA.VII.D.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design), impending stall, and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| CA.VII.D.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to an accelerated stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| CA.VII.D.K4 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| CA.VII.E.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects. |
| CA.VII.E.K2 | What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin. |
| CA.VII.E.K3 | Spin recovery procedure. |
| CA.VIII.A.K1 | Regulatory requirements for supplemental oxygen use by flight crew and passengers. |
| CA.VIII.A.K2 | Physiological factors, to include: |
| CA.VIII.A.K2a | a. Impairment |
| CA.VIII.A.K2b | b. Symptoms of hypoxia |
| CA.VIII.A.K2c | c. Time of useful consciousness (TUC) |
| CA.VIII.A.K3 | Operational factors, to include: |
| CA.VIII.A.K3a | a. Characteristics, limitations, and applicability of continuous flow, demand, and pressure-demand oxygen systems |
| CA.VIII.A.K3b | b. Differences between and identification of “aviator’s breathing oxygen†and other types of oxygen |
| CA.VIII.A.K3c | c. Necessary precautions when using supplemental oxygen systems |
| CA.VIII.B.K1 | Fundamental concepts of airplane pressurization system, to include failure modes. |
| CA.VIII.B.K2 | Physiological factors, to include: |
| CA.VIII.B.K2a | a. Impairment |
| CA.VIII.B.K2b | b. Symptoms of hypoxia |
| CA.VIII.B.K2c | c. Time of useful consciousness (TUC) |
| CA.IX.A.K1 | Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire). |
| CA.IX.A.K2 | Immediate action items and emergency procedures. |
| CA.IX.A.K3 | Airspeed, to include airspeed limitations. |
| CA.IX.B.K1 | Immediate action items and emergency procedures. |
| CA.IX.B.K2 | Airspeed, to include: |
| CA.IX.B.K2a | a. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance |
| CA.IX.B.K2b | b. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed |
| CA.IX.B.K2c | c. Effects of wind on glide distance |
| CA.IX.B.K3 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing. |
| CA.IX.B.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| CA.IX.B.K5 | ELTs and other emergency locating devices. |
| CA.IX.B.K6 | ATC services to aircraft in distress. |
| CA.IX.C.K1 | Partial or complete power loss related to the specific powerplant, including: |
| CA.IX.C.K1a | a. Engine roughness or overheat |
| CA.IX.C.K1b | b. Carburetor or induction icing |
| CA.IX.C.K1c | c. Loss of oil pressure |
| CA.IX.C.K1d | d. Fuel starvation |
| CA.IX.C.K2 | System and equipment malfunctions specific to the airplane, including: |
| CA.IX.C.K2a | a. Electrical malfunction |
| CA.IX.C.K2b | b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions |
| CA.IX.C.K2c | c. Pitot/static system malfunction |
| CA.IX.C.K2d | d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction |
| CA.IX.C.K2e | e. Landing gear or flap malfunction |
| CA.IX.C.K2f | f. Inoperative trim |
| CA.IX.C.K3 | Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. |
| CA.IX.C.K4 | Any other system specific to the airplane (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). |
| CA.IX.C.K5 | Inadvertent door or window opening. |
| CA.IX.D.K1 | Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements. |
| CA.IX.D.K2 | Fire extinguisher operations and limitations. |
| CA.IX.D.K3 | Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for: |
| CA.IX.D.K3a | a. Climate extremes (hot/cold) |
| CA.IX.D.K3b | b. Mountainous terrain |
| CA.IX.D.K3c | c. Overwater operations |
| CA.IX.E.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| CA.IX.E.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| CA.IX.E.K3 | Accelerate/stop distance. |
| CA.IX.F.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| CA.IX.F.K2 | VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and Vsse (safe single-engine speed). |
| CA.IX.F.K3 | Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances. |
| CA.IX.F.K4 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| CA.IX.F.K5 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| CA.IX.F.K6 | Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator’s zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities. |
| CA.IX.G.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| CA.IX.G.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| CA.IX.G.K3 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| CA.IX.G.K4 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended flight control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| CA.IX.G.K5 | Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering. |
| CA.X.A.K1 | Factors affecting VMC. |
| CA.X.A.K2 | VMC (red line) and VYSE (blue line). |
| CA.X.A.K3 | How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine. |
| CA.X.A.K4 | Importance of drag reduction, to include propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer’s recommended flight control input and its relation to zero sideslip. |
| CA.X.A.K5 | Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting. |
| CA.X.B.K1 | Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS). |
| CA.X.B.K2 | VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and Vsse (safe single-engine speed). |
| CA.X.B.K3 | Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC. |
| CA.X.B.K4 | Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery. |
| CA.X.C.K1 | Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments. |
| CA.X.D.K1 | Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative. |
| CA.XI.A.K1 | Airplane shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection. |
| CA.XI.A.K2 | Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies. |
| CA.XI.B.K1 | Mooring. |
| CA.XI.B.K2 | Docking. |
| CA.XI.B.K3 | Anchoring. |
| CA.XI.B.K4 | Beaching/ramping. |
| CA.XI.B.K5 | Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies. |
Airline Transport/Type Pilot ACS Test Codes
| ACS Code | Learning Statement |
| AA.I.A.K1 | Landing gear - extension/retraction system(s), indicators, float devices, brakes, antiskid, tires, nose-wheel steering, and shock absorbers. |
| AA.I.A.K2 | Powerplant - controls and indications, induction system, carburetor and fuel injection, turbocharging, cooling, mounting points, turbine wheels, compressors, deicing, anti-icing, and other related components. |
| AA.I.A.K3 | Propellers - type, controls, feathering/unfeathering, auto-feather, negative torque sensing, synchronizing, synchrophasing, and thrust reverse including uncommanded reverse procedures. |
| AA.I.A.K4 | Fuel system - capacity, drains, pumps, controls, indicators, cross-feeding, transferring, jettison, fuel grade, color and additives, fueling and defueling procedures, and fuel substitutions. |
| AA.I.A.K5 | Oil system - capacity, allowable types of oil, quantities, and indicators. |
| AA.I.A.K6 | Hydraulic system - capacity, pumps, pressure, reservoirs, allowable types of fluid, and regulators. |
| AA.I.A.K7 | Electrical system - alternators, generators, batteries, circuit breakers and protection devices, controls, indicators, and external and auxiliary power sources and ratings. |
| AA.I.A.K8 | Pneumatic and environmental systems - heating, cooling, ventilation, oxygen, pressurization, supply for ice protection systems, controls, indicators, and regulating devices. |
| AA.I.A.K9 | Avionics and communications - autopilot, flight director, Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS), Flight Management System (FMS), Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), Radar, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), SpaceB |
| AA.I.A.K10 | Ice protection - anti-ice, de-ice, pitot-static system protection, turbine inlet, propeller, windshield, airfoil surfaces, and other related components. |
| AA.I.A.K11 | Crewmember and passenger equipment - oxygen system, survival gear, emergency exits, evacuation procedures and crew duties, quick donning oxygen mask for crewmembers, passenger oxygen system. |
| AA.I.A.K12 | Flight controls - ailerons, elevator(s), rudder(s), control tabs, control boost/augmentation systems, flaps, spoilers, leading edge devices, speed brakes, stability augmentation system (e.g., yaw damper), and trim systems. |
| AA.I.A.K13 | Pitot-static system with associated instruments and the power source for those flight instruments. Operation and power sources for other flight instruments. |
| AA.I.A.K14 | Fire & smoke detection, protection, and suppression - powerplant, cargo and passenger compartments, lavatory, pneumatic and environmental, electrical/avionics, and batteries (on-aircraft and personal electronic devices). |
| AA.I.A.K15 | Envelope protection - angle of attack warning and protection and speed protection. |
| AA.I.B.K1 | Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance. |
| AA.I.B.K2 | How to determine the following, as applicable to the class sought: |
| AA.I.B.K2a | a. Accelerate-stop / accelerate-go distance |
| AA.I.B.K2b | b. Takeoff performance (e.g., balance field length, VMCG) |
| AA.I.B.K2c | c. Climb performance |
| AA.I.B.K2d | d. Cruise performance (e.g., optimum and maximum operating altitudes) |
| AA.I.B.K2e | e. Descent performance |
| AA.I.B.K2f | f. Landing performance |
| AA.I.B.K2g | g. Performance with an inoperative powerplant for all phases of flight (AMEL, AMES) |
| AA.I.B.K2h | h. Weight and balance and how to shift weight |
| AA.I.B.K3 | Factors affecting performance, to include: |
| AA.I.B.K3a | a. Atmospheric conditions |
| AA.I.B.K3b | b. Pilot technique |
| AA.I.B.K3c | c. Aircraft configuration (e.g., flap setting) |
| AA.I.B.K3d | d. Airport environment (e.g., runway condition, land and hold short operations (LAHSO)) |
| AA.I.B.K3e | e. Loading (e.g., center of gravity) |
| AA.I.B.K3f | f. Weight and balance |
| AA.I.B.K4 | Aerodynamics and how it relates to performance. |
| AA.I.B.K5 | Adverse effects of exceeding an airplane limitation or the airplane operating envelope. |
| AA.I.B.K6 | Effects of icing on performance. |
| AA.I.B.K7 | Clean wing concept; deicing and anti-icing procedures to include use of appropriate de-ice fluid, hold-over tables, calculating hold-over times, and pre-takeoff contamination checks. |
| AA.I.B.K8 | Air carrier weight and balance systems (e.g., average weight program). (ATP AMEL, AMES) |
| AA.I.B.K9 | Runway assessment and condition reporting and use of the Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM). (ATP AMEL, AMES) |
| AA.I.C.K1 | Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes. |
| AA.I.C.K2 | Acceptable weather products and resources utilized for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure and en route operations and arrival phases of flight. |
| AA.I.C.K3 | Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as: (Note: If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the a |
| AA.I.C.K3a | a. Atmospheric composition and stability |
| AA.I.C.K3b | b. Wind (e.g., crosswind, tailwind, windshear, mountain wave, etc.) |
| AA.I.C.K3c | c. Temperature |
| AA.I.C.K3d | d. Moisture/precipitation |
| AA.I.C.K3e | e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts |
| AA.I.C.K3f | f. Clouds |
| AA.I.C.K3g | g. Turbulence |
| AA.I.C.K3h | h. Thunderstorms and microbursts |
| AA.I.C.K3i | i. Icing and freezing level information |
| AA.I.C.K3j | j. Fog/mist |
| AA.I.C.K3k | k. Frost |
| AA.I.C.K3l | l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.) |
| AA.I.C.K4 | Flight deck displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, their use to navigate around weather, and equipment limitations. |
| AA.I.C.K5 | Low-visibility operations (e.g., surface movement, category II and III approaches). (ATP AMEL, AMES) |
| AA.I.C.K6 | Flight Risk Assessment Tools. |
| AA.I.D.K1 | Aerodynamics of large transport category airplanes to include flight characteristics of swept wing airplanes (e.g., Mach buffet). |
| AA.I.D.K2 | Energy management. |
| AA.I.D.K3 | Relationship between Mach number, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, and change over altitudes. |
| AA.I.D.K4 | Load factor at high altitude and its effect on high and low speed operating margins. |
| AA.I.D.K5 | Relationship between altitude capability, weight, and temperature. |
| AA.I.D.K6 | VMO/MMO convergence and stall angle of attack. |
| AA.I.D.K7 | Maximum Lift over Drag Ratio (L/D Max). |
| AA.I.D.K8 | Best range and best endurance. |
| AA.I.D.K9 | Factors which contribute to airplane upsets at high altitude and upset prevention and recovery techniques. |
| AA.I.E.K1 | Turbine engines, thrust reversing systems, and system malfunctions. |
| AA.I.E.K2 | Airplane automation components (i.e., flight director, autopilot), their relationship to each other, and how to manage the automation for flight. |
| AA.I.E.K3 | Advanced navigation equipment (e.g., FMS, RNP, ADS-B, EFB, etc.) and how it is used inflight. |
| AA.I.E.K4 | Flightpath warning systems (e.g., TCAS, TAWS) and how to respond to a warning. |
| AA.I.E.K5 | Altitudes and conditions that require the use of oxygen masks. |
| AA.I.E.K6 | Causes and recognition of cabin pressure loss. |
| AA.I.E.K7 | Appropriate rudder use in transport aircraft to avoid rudder reversal. |
| AA.I.E.K8 | Crew communications (e.g., sterile flight deck rules, briefings). |
| AA.I.E.K9 | Operational control. |
| AA.I.E.K10 | Elements associated with operating at complex and high traffic airports with emphasis on runway incursion prevention techniques. |
| AA.I.E.K11 | Professional responsibilities associated with being an ATP certificate holder and how to apply leadership skills as pilot in command. |
| AA.I.E.K12 | Crew resource management (CRM) principles and application in a multi-crew environment. |
| AA.I.E.K13 | Use of voluntary safety programs to manage risk across an organization (e.g., Threat and error management (TEM)). |
| AA.I.E.K14 | Operations specifications. |
| AA.I.F.K1 | Causes, effects, recognition, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues including: (Note: If K1 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three of the following sub-elements.) |
| AA.I.F.K1a | a. Hypoxia |
| AA.I.F.K1b | b. Hyperventilation |
| AA.I.F.K1c | c. Middle ear and sinus problems |
| AA.I.F.K1d | d. Spatial disorientation |
| AA.I.F.K1e | e. Motion sickness |
| AA.I.F.K1f | f. Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| AA.I.F.K1g | g. Stress |
| AA.I.F.K1h | h. Fatigue |
| AA.I.F.K1i | i. Dehydration and nutrition |
| AA.I.F.K1j | j. Hypothermia |
| AA.I.F.K1k | k. Optical illusions |
| AA.I.F.K1l | l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives |
| AA.I.F.K2 | Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications. |
| AA.I.F.K3 | Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate. |
| AA.I.F.K4 | Components of self-assessment for determining fitness for flight. |
| AA.I.G.K1 | 14 CFR part 61, subparts A, B, and G. |
| AA.I.G.K2 | 14 CFR part 91, subparts A, B, C, F, G, and H. |
| AA.I.G.K3 | 14 CFR part 117 (AMEL, AMES). |
| AA.I.G.K4 | 14 CFR part 121, subparts A, G, K, M, O, T, U, and V (AMEL, AMES). |
| AA.I.G.K5 | 14 CFR part 135, subparts A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (ASEL, ASES). |
| AA.I.G.K6 | 49 CFR part 830. |
| AA.I.H.K1 | The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as: |
| AA.I.H.K1a | a. Size and location |
| AA.I.H.K1b | b. Protected and unprotected areas |
| AA.I.H.K1c | c. Surface wind |
| AA.I.H.K1d | d. Direction and strength of water current |
| AA.I.H.K1e | e. Floating and partially submerged debris |
| AA.I.H.K1f | f. Sandbars, islands, and shoals |
| AA.I.H.K1g | g. Vessel traffic and wakes |
| AA.I.H.K1h | h. Other characteristics specific to the area |
| AA.I.H.K2 | Float and hull construction and its effect on seaplane performance. |
| AA.I.H.K3 | Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. |
| AA.I.H.K4 | How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. |
| AA.I.H.K5 | Operating restrictions at various bases. |
| AA.I.H.K6 | Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. |
| AA.I.H.K7 | Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. |
| AA.I.H.K8 | Naval vessel protection zones. |
| AA.I.H.K9 | No wake zones. |
| AA.II.A.K1 | Pilot self-assessment. |
| AA.II.A.K2 | Determining that the aircraft to be used is appropriate, airworthy, and in a condition for safe flight by locating and explaining related documents such as: |
| AA.II.A.K2a | a. Airworthiness and registration certificates |
| AA.II.A.K2b | b. Operating limitations, handbooks, and manuals |
| AA.II.A.K2c | c. Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) |
| AA.II.A.K2d | d. Weight and balance data |
| AA.II.A.K2e | e. Required inspections or tests and appropriate records and documentation (e.g., dispatch release) as applicable to the proposed flight or operation. |
| AA.II.A.K3 | Preventive maintenance that can be performed by the pilot or other designated crewmember. |
| AA.II.A.K4 | Aircraft preflight inspection including: |
| AA.II.A.K4a | a. Which items must be inspected |
| AA.II.A.K4b | b. The reasons for checking each item |
| AA.II.A.K4c | c. How to detect possible defects |
| AA.II.A.K4d | d. The associated regulations |
| AA.II.A.K5 | Environmental factors including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions. |
| AA.II.A.K6 | Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data. |
| AA.II.A.K7 | Operations specifications, management specifications, or letters of authorization applying to a particular airplane and operation, if applicable. |
| AA.II.B.K1 | Normal and abnormal powerplant start procedures and limitations, including the use of an auxiliary power unit (APU) or external power source (if applicable). |
| AA.II.B.K2 | Starting under various conditions. |
| AA.II.B.K3 | Malfunctions during powerplant start, procedures to address the malfunction, and any associated limitations. |
| AA.II.B.K4 | Coordinating and communicating with ground personnel for powerplant start, if applicable. |
| AA.II.C.K1 | Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and NOTAMs. |
| AA.II.C.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances including published taxi routes. |
| AA.II.C.K3 | Airport markings, signs, and lights. |
| AA.II.C.K4 | Appropriate aircraft lighting for day and night operations. |
| AA.II.C.K5 | Push-back procedures, if applicable. |
| AA.II.C.K6 | Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning, identifying the location of Hot Spots, and coordinating with crew if, applicable. |
| AA.II.C.K7 | Communications at towered and nontowered airports. |
| AA.II.C.K8 | Entering or crossing runways. |
| AA.II.C.K9 | Night taxi operations. |
| AA.II.C.K10 | Low visibility taxi operations and techniques used to avoid disorientation. |
| AA.II.C.K11 | Single-engine taxi procedures (AMEL). |
| AA.II.D.K1 | Current airport/seaplane base aeronautical references and information resources including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references. |
| AA.II.D.K2 | Taxi instructions/clearances, if applicable. |
| AA.II.D.K3 | Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights. |
| AA.II.D.K4 | Appropriate aircraft lighting for day and night operations. |
| AA.II.D.K5 | Sailing elements and techniques and when sailing should be used. |
| AA.II.D.K6 | Considerations for determining the most favorable sailing course. |
| AA.II.D.K7 | Airport/seaplane base procedures including: |
| AA.II.D.K7a | a. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi or sailing, including route planning, and coordinating with crew, if applicable |
| AA.II.D.K7b | b. Communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases |
| AA.II.D.K7c | c. Entering or crossing runways (land operation) |
| AA.II.D.K7d | d. Night taxi and sailing operations |
| AA.II.D.K7e | e. Low visibility taxi and sailing operations |
| AA.II.E.K1 | Purpose of pre-takeoff checklist items including: |
| AA.II.E.K1a | a. Reasons for checking each item |
| AA.II.E.K1b | b. Detecting malfunctions |
| AA.II.E.K1c | c. Ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition |
| AA.II.E.K2 | Deicing and anti-icing procedures, holdover times, and pre-takeoff contamination check. |
| AA.II.E.K3 | Adverse weather considerations for performance on takeoff (e.g., snow, ice, gusting crosswinds, low-visibility). |
| AA.II.E.K4 | Items to be included in a before takeoff briefing. |
| AA.III.A.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| AA.III.A.K2 | Appropriate V-speeds for takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.A.K3 | Appropriate aircraft configuration and power setting for takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.A.K4 | Runway markings and lighting. |
| AA.III.B.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.III.B.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| AA.III.B.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| AA.III.B.K4 | Runway markings and lighting. |
| AA.III.C.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| AA.III.C.K2 | Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.C.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| AA.III.C.K4 | Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique. |
| AA.III.D.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.III.D.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| AA.III.D.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| AA.III.D.K4 | When and why glassy water techniques are used. |
| AA.III.D.K5 | How a glassy water approach and landing is executed. |
| AA.III.E.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| AA.III.E.K2 | Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.E.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| AA.III.E.K4 | Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique. |
| AA.III.F.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.III.F.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| AA.III.F.K3 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| AA.III.F.K4 | When and why rough water techniques are used. |
| AA.III.F.K5 | How a rough water approach and landing is executed. |
| AA.III.G.K1 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance. |
| AA.III.G.K2 | Appropriate power settings and V-speeds for takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.G.K3 | Appropriate airplane configuration. |
| AA.III.G.K4 | Effects of water surface. |
| AA.III.G.K5 | Available techniques for confined-area takeoff and climb. |
| AA.III.H.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.III.H.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. |
| AA.III.H.K3 | Available techniques for confined-area approach and landing. |
| AA.III.H.K4 | Wind correction techniques on approach and landing. |
| AA.III.I.K1 | Conditions and situations that could warrant a rejected takeoff (e.g., takeoff warning systems, powerplant failure, other systems warning/failure). |
| AA.III.I.K2 | Safety considerations following a rejected takeoff. |
| AA.III.I.K3 | The procedure for accomplishing a rejected takeoff. |
| AA.III.I.K4 | Accelerate/stop distance. |
| AA.III.I.K5 | Relevant V-speeds for a rejected takeoff. |
| AA.III.J.K1 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.III.J.K2 | Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude on a go-around or rejected landing. |
| AA.III.J.K3 | Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing. |
| AA.III.J.K4 | Situations and considerations on approach that could require a go-around/rejected landing, to include the inability to comply with a LAHSO clearance. |
| AA.III.J.K5 | Go-around/rejected landing procedures, the importance of a timely decision, and appropriate airspeed/V-speeds for the maneuver. |
| AA.IV.A.K1 | Energy management concepts. |
| AA.IV.A.K2 | Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, to include: |
| AA.IV.A.K2a | a. Coordinated and uncoordinated flight |
| AA.IV.A.K2b | b. Overbanking tendencies |
| AA.IV.A.K2c | c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes |
| AA.IV.A.K2d | d. Load factor and accelerated stalls |
| AA.IV.A.K2e | e. Rate and radius of turn |
| AA.IV.B.K1 | Procedures for recovery from unusual flight attitudes. |
| AA.IV.B.K2 | Unusual flight attitude causal factors, including physiological factors, system and equipment failures, and environmental factors. |
| AA.IV.B.K3 | The operating envelope and structural limitations for the airplane. |
| AA.IV.B.K4 | Effects of engine location, wing design, and other specific design characteristics that could affect aircraft control during the recovery. |
| AA.IV.C.K1 | All specific flight and performance characteristics associated with the aircraft. |
| AA.V.A.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in a partial flap configuration, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, aircraft weight and balance, aircraft attitude, and sideslip effects. |
| AA.V.A.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| AA.V.A.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a stall during takeoff or while on approach and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| AA.V.A.K4 | Effects of autoflight, flight envelope protection in normal and degraded modes, and unexpected disconnects of the autopilot or autothrottle/autothrust, if applicable to the aircraft used for the evaluation. |
| AA.V.A.K5 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| AA.V.B.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in a clean configuration, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, aircraft weight and balance, and aircraft attitude. |
| AA.V.B.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| AA.V.B.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a stall during cruise flight and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| AA.V.B.K4 | Effects of autoflight, flight envelope protection in normal and degraded modes, and unexpected disconnects of the autopilot or autothrottle/autothrust, if applicable to the aircraft used for the evaluation. |
| AA.V.B.K5 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| AA.V.B.K6 | Effects of altitude on performance (e.g., thrust available) and flight control effectiveness during a recovery. |
| AA.V.C.K1 | Aerodynamics associated with stalls in the landing configuration, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, aircraft weight and balance, aircraft attitude, and sideslip effects. |
| AA.V.C.K2 | Stall characteristics (i.e., airplane design) and impending stall and full stall indications (i.e., how to recognize by sight, sound, or feel). |
| AA.V.C.K3 | Factors and situations that can lead to a stall when configured for landing and actions that can be taken to prevent it. |
| AA.V.C.K4 | Effects of autoflight, flight envelope protection in normal and degraded modes, and unexpected disconnects of the autopilot or autothrottle/autothrust, if applicable to the aircraft used for the evaluation. |
| AA.V.C.K5 | Fundamentals of stall recovery. |
| AA.VI.A.K1 | Operational factors that could affect an instrument takeoff (e.g., runway length, runway lighting, surface conditions, wind, wake turbulence, icing conditions, obstructions, available instrument approaches or alternate airports available in the event of a |
| AA.VI.B.K1 | Takeoff minimums; (Obstacle) Departure Procedure (ODP), including Visual Climb over the Airport (VCOA) and Diverse Vector Area (Radar Vectors); Standard Instrument Departure (SID), including RNAV departure; required climb gradients; U.S. Terminal Procedur |
| AA.VI.B.K2 | Use of a Flight Management System (FMS) or Global Positioning System (GPS) to follow a DP. |
| AA.VI.B.K3 | Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots. |
| AA.VI.B.K4 | Two-way radio communication failure procedures after takeoff. |
| AA.VI.B.K5 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity). |
| AA.VI.C.K1 | Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) charts, U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications, and IFR Enroute High and Low Altitude Charts. |
| AA.VI.C.K2 | Use of a Flight Management System (FMS) or GPS to follow a STAR. |
| AA.VI.C.K3 | Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots. |
| AA.VI.C.K4 | Two-way radio communication failure procedures during an arrival. |
| AA.VI.C.K5 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity). |
| AA.VI.D.K1 | Procedures and limitations associated with a nonprecision approach, including the differences between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach guidance. |
| AA.VI.D.K2 | Navigation system displays and annunciations, modes of operation, and RNP lateral accuracy values associated with an RNAV (GPS) approach. |
| AA.VI.D.K3 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity). |
| AA.VI.D.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.VI.E.K1 | Procedures and limitations associated with a precision approach, including determining required descent rates and adjusting minimums in the case of inoperative equipment. |
| AA.VI.E.K2 | Navigation system displays, annunciations, and modes of operation. |
| AA.VI.E.K3 | Ground-based and satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity). |
| AA.VI.E.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.VI.F.K1 | Elements related to the pilot’s responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a precision approach. |
| AA.VI.F.K2 | Approach lighting systems and runway and taxiway signs, markings and lighting. |
| AA.VI.G.K1 | Elements related to circling approach procedures and limitations including approach categories and related airspeed restrictions. |
| AA.VI.H.K1 | Elements related to the pilot’s responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a circling approach. |
| AA.VI.H.K2 | Approach lighting systems and runway and taxiway signs, markings and lighting. |
| AA.VI.I.K1 | Elements related to missed approach procedures to include reference to standby or backup instruments. |
| AA.VI.I.K2 | Limitations associated with standard instrument approaches, including while using an FMS or autopilot, if equipped. |
| AA.VI.J.K1 | Elements related to holding procedures, including reporting criteria, appropriate speeds, and recommended entry procedures for standard, nonstandard, published, and nonpublished holding patterns. |
| AA.VI.J.K2 | Determining holding endurance based upon factors to include an expect further clearance (EFC) time, fuel on board, fuel flow while holding, fuel required to destination and alternate, etc., as appropriate. |
| AA.VI.J.K3 | When to declare minimum fuel or a fuel-related emergency. |
| AA.VI.J.K4 | Use of automation for holding to include autopilot and flight management systems, if equipped. |
| AA.VII.A.K1 | Declaring an emergency and selection of a suitable airport or landing location. |
| AA.VII.A.K2 | Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire). |
| AA.VII.A.K3 | Causes of inflight fire or smoke. |
| AA.VII.A.K4 | Airplane decompression. |
| AA.VII.A.K5 | When an emergency evacuation may be necessary. |
| AA.VII.A.K6 | Actions required if icing conditions exceed the capabilities of the airplane. |
| AA.VII.B.K1 | The procedures used during a powerplant failure on takeoff, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required. |
| AA.VII.B.K2 | Operational considerations to include: airplane performance (e.g., sideslip, bank angle, rudder input), takeoff warning systems, runway length, surface conditions, density altitude, wake turbulence, environmental conditions, obstructions, and other relate |
| AA.VII.C.K1 | Immediate action items and emergency procedures for a forced landing. |
| AA.VII.C.K2 | Airspeed, to include: |
| AA.VII.C.K2a | a. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance |
| AA.VII.C.K2b | b. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed |
| AA.VIII.C.K2c | c. Effects of wind on glide distance |
| AA.VII.C.K3 | Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing. |
| AA.VII.C.K4 | A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts. |
| AA.VII.C.K5 | Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices. |
| AA.VII.C.K6 | ATC services to aircraft in distress. |
| AA.VII.D.K1 | Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering the airplane with powerplant(s) inoperative to include the importance of drag reduction. |
| AA.VII.D.K2 | Powerplant restart procedures and conditions where a restart attempt is appropriate. |
| AA.VII.E.K1 | Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering to a landing with inoperative powerplant(s). |
| AA.VII.E.K2 | Go-around/rejected landing procedures with a powerplant failure. |
| AA.VII.E.K3 | How to determine a suitable airport. |
| AA.VII.F.K1 | Flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering to a landing with inoperative powerplant(s). |
| AA.VII.F.K2 | Missed approach considerations with a powerplant failure. |
| AA.VII.F.K3 | How to determine a suitable airport. |
| AA.VII.G.K1 | Airplane flight characteristics when flaps, leading edge devices, and other similar devices malfunction or become inoperative. |
| AA.VII.G.K2 | Other airplane system limitations when landing at a high speed. |
| AA.VII.G.K3 | How to determine required landing distance and a suitable runway for landing. |
| AA.VIII.A.K1 | Parking, shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection. |
| AA.VIII.A.K2 | Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies. |
| AA.VIII.B.K1 | Mooring. |
| AA.VIII.B.K2 | Docking. |
| AA.VIII.B.K3 | Anchoring. |
| AA.VIII.B.K4 | Beaching/ramping. |
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